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Glossary
Abandoned Water Right A water right, which was not put to beneficial use
for a number of years, generally five to seven years.
Abatement A reduction or decrease in the amount, degree, intensity or worth. Tax
abatements are common incentive offers made by places that want economic
development.
Absenteeism The ratio of workers with absences to
total full-time wage and salary employment. Absences are defined as instances
when persons who usually work 35 or more hours per week worked less than 35
hours during the reference week for one of the following reasons: own illness,
injury, or medical problems; child-care problems; other family or personal
obligations; civic or military duty; and maternity or paternity leave.
Absorption Rate An estimate or calculation of the rate at which a specific property or properties in an area will be or were sold or occupied during a given period of time, such as a year.
Accelerated
Cost Recovery ACR is a means of
depreciating property that results in faster recovery of cost over a set period
of time. The accelerated cost recovery method is different from the
straight-line method.
Accelerated Depreciation Any depreciation method that produces larger deductions for
depreciation in the early years of an asset's life. Accelerated cost recovery
system (ACRS), which is a depreciation schedule allowed for tax purposes, is
one such example.
ACCRA Composite
Cost of Living Index The
Composite Cost of Living Index provides a numerical index, which compares the
relative cost of living from one community to another. The average for all participating areas
equals 100, and each community’s index is read as a percentage of the average
for all participating areas. The ACCRA
cost of living index relies on voluntary participation for data collection. Therefore, ACCRA does not have data for all
communities. Initially, ACCRA was an
acronym for the American Chamber of Commerce Research Association, but most
recently it is simply a title for a multipurpose organization serving a variety
of economic development and educational institutions. http://www.accra.org/index.html
Accretion A
gradual increase in land area adjacent to a river.
Accumulated Sludge Sludge that is 99% active with living healthy microorganisms.
Acid Rain
The acidic rainfall which results when rain combines with sulfur oxide
emissions from combustion of fossil fuels.
Achievement
Test The annual
Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA) is a standards-based
criterion-referenced assessment used to measure a student's attainment of the
academic standards while also determining the degree to which school programs
enable students to attain proficiency of the standards. Every Pennsylvania
student in 5th, 8th and 11th grade is assessed for their reading and math
abilities, and all students in grades 11 are assessed for their writing
ability.
http://www.pde.state.pa.us/a_and_t/cwp/browse.asp?a=3&bc=0&c=27525&a_and_tNav=|633|&a_and_tNav=|
Acquisition
Cost The cost to purchase land or building.
Acre A measure equal to 43,560 sf (square feet),
4,840 square yards, 4,047 sm (square meters, 160 square rods, or 0.4047
hectare. A square acre is 208.71' X 208.71' (' = feet).
Acre-Foot
The amount of water required to cover one acre to a depth of one foot.
An acre-foot equals 325,851 gallons, or 43,560 cubic feet. A flow of 1 cubic
foot per second produces 1.98 acre-feet per day.
Activated Carbon Adsorption The process of pollutants moving out of water and attaching on
to activated carbon.
Activated Sludge Process Process where accumulated sludge is returned back to the
digestion chamber to further increase treatment efficiency.
ACT Test The ACT Assessment®
is designed to assess high school students' general educational development and
their ability to complete college-level work. The tests cover four skill areas:
English, Mathematics, Reading, and Science reasoning. http://www.act.org/
Aesthetic Considerations The appearance of a site or building that is pleasing in either
form or function.
ADSL Telecommunications acronym
meaning Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line. Digital subscriber line technologies allow
telecommunications companies to using existing twisted pair copper line to
transport multimedia and high-speed data transmissions. Compared to standard DSL service, ADSL will
have different speeds for data coming into a system versus data being
transmitted out.
Ad Valorem According to valuation (Latin), a term used in
assessing and taxing property.
Aeration
The mixing or turbulent exposure of water to
air and oxygen to dissipate volatile contaminants and other pollutants into the
air.
Aerobic Bacteria Free dissolved oxygen is required for this
type of bacteria to live, as well as to assist in the treatment of wastewater.
Aesthetic
Considerations Characteristics
of a site deemed desirable. Usually these
attributes are considered to be either pleasing to the eye, make a positive
statement about the company’s ideals/ojectives or promote their product/service
in some fashion. Visibility,
surrounding land use, architecture and design are but a few considerations.
After-Tax Income adjusted for the effect that taxes due or paid have upon it.
Air Traffic
Hub See Hub Classification.
Algae Bloom A
phenomenon whereby excessive nutrients within a river, stream or lake cause an
explosion of plant life, which results in the depletion of the oxygen in the
water needed by fish and other aquatic life. Algae bloom is usually the result
of urban runoff (of lawn fertilizers, etc.). The potential tragedy is that of a
"fish kill," where the stream life dies in one mass extinction.
Alkalinity The
measurement of constituents in a water supply that determine alkaline
conditions. The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize
acids. See pH.
Alignment The marshalling of resources
and the directive to focus toward a specific call to action, with a clear
understanding of the objectives of the site selection undertaking, the process
and procedures to be followed, and the hierarchy of personnel and reporting
structure to be followed. To strategize
with a plan.
Alluvium Sediments deposited by erosion processes, usually by streams.
Alternating Current (AC) An electric current that reverses its direction
of flow periodically, as contrasted to direct current.
Alternative Fuels Any
non-traditional energy or fuel source. Under the Energy Policy Act of 1992
(EPAct) alternative fuels for vehicles include: methanol; denatured ethanol;
mixtures containing a volume of 85 percent or more of methanol, denatured
ethanol, or other alcohols with gasoline or other fuels; natural gas; liquefied
petroleum gas; hydrogen; coal-derived liquid fuels; fuels derived from
biological materials; electricity (including electricity from solar energy);
and any other substantially non-petroleum fuel designated by the Secretary of
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Amenities The tangible and intangible features that
enhance and add to the value or perceived value of a location or community.
American National Standards Institute See ANSI
American Public Works Association See APWA
Amortize The act of reducing a debt through
installments. To reduce a financial obligation by making payments against the
principal balance in installments or regular transfers, or to write off the
cost of an asset over a period of time in a statement of accounts.
Ampere (amp) The unit of
measure of an electric current. It is proportional to the quantity of electrons
flowing through a conductor past a given point in one second. It is analogous
to cubic feet of water flowing per second. It is the unit current produced in a
circuit by one volt acting across a resistance of one ohm.
Anaerobic Bacteria Bacteria that grow only in the absence of free dissolved oxygen.
Analog Signal The phone system was built originally for analog voice
communication in a narrow range of frequencies. Analog signals are made up 3 primary electrical characteristics:
frequency, amplitude, and phase. A
transmission (of voice or data) is conveyed by varying the frequency, amplitude
or phase of the carrier. Analog
switches convert sound waves into electrical signals with varying frequency and
amplitude.
Analog Switch Switching equipment designed, designated, or used to connect
circuits between users for real-time transmission of analog signals.
Ancillary Labor
Workers not actually in a
labor market such as retirees, separating military personnel, students or
spouses that have no record of seeking a job in a market. Ancillary Labor is a classification of
workers who may be counted as potential workers in a given labor pool. Labor
pools containing potential supplemental workers are sometimes referred to as ancillary
labor pools.
Annex The act of joining or adding one property, area or thing to another.
ANSI
American
National Standards Institute. The coordinating organization
for America's federated national standards system. The ANSI federation consists
of nine hundred companies, large and small, and some two hundred trade,
technical, professional, labor, and consumer organizations.
Appraisal An examination that
formulates and helps support an opinion about real property value. Usually a
professional appraiser is required to perform an examination and render an
opinion using one of the following approaches:
Cost
approach - An estimated value based on the cost of reproduction or replacement of
improvements, less depreciation, plus the value of the land, with land-value
usually being determined by the market approach.
Income
approach - An estimated value based on the capitalization of income and
productivity - often referred to as the income approach to value or the
economic approach to value. This approach is concerned with the present worth
of future benefits of the property.
Market
approach - A comparative analysis of current sales prices of similar properties,
after making necessary adjustments for any differences in them. Also called the
market-data approach or the direct sales comparison approach.
APWA American Public Works Association. An
international educational and professional association of public agencies,
private sector companies, and individuals dedicated to providing high quality public
works goods and services. Chartered in
1937 and having 2 offices and 67 chapters in the United States, it is the
oldest and largest organization of its kind in the world.
Aquifer An
underground area that contains fresh water in sufficient amounts to yield
useful quantities to wells and springs.
Areas
of Interest Candidate
locations within a specific geographic region that meet the preliminary
requirements of a project. These areas
are capable of fulfilling the minimum requirements of a project.
Arm's Length
Transaction A transaction during which
the parties deal from equal bargaining positions and stand upon the strict letter
of the law or act in a formal manner on all exchanges.
Artificial Wetlands Wetlands that are artificially created, often as part of a water
treatment facility.
Artesian Aquifer A geologic formation in which water is under sufficient
hydrostatic pressure to be discharged to the surface without pumping.
Artesian Well A water well drilled into a confined aquifer where enough
hydraulic pressure exists for the water to flow to the surface without pumping.
Artesian Zone A zone where water is confined in an aquifer under pressure so
that the water will rise in the well casing or drilled hole above the bottom of
the confining layer overlying the aquifer.
Assessed Value The value placed upon property after
multiplying the assessment level by the market value.
Assessment An official valuation of real property for tax purposes based on appraisal.
Assessment Ratio Percentage applied to the total appraised value (taxable value)
of the property.
Attainment A geographic area in which levels of an air
pollutant meet the health-based primary standard (national ambient air quality
standard, or NAAQS) for the pollutant. For example, an area that is in “attainment”
for ozone (one of the criteria NAAQS criteria pollutants) is deemed to have an
acceptable level of ozone in the air.
An area may have an acceptable level for one criteria air pollutant, but
may have unacceptable levels for others. Thus, an area could be both attainment
and nonattainment at the same time. Attainment areas are defined using federal
pollutant limits set by EPA. Air
Attainment Status: http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/
Attrition The gradual reduction in the number of employees. Attrition is brought
about by not replacing those who leave an employer or a workforce. The personnel
loss from the workforce of a relocating company or operation, at its original
location, and replaced at the new location, is sometimes counted as attrition,
although the loss my not be so gradual.
Availability
A site or
building that is for sale or lease. The
degree that groundbreaking, possession or occupancy can take place.
Available
Building A structure offered for sale
or lease. Available buildings include shells that are partially constructed so
that they can be completed to specifications. Shell buildings may also
be speculative buildings or spec buildings. A spec
building, however, doesn't necessary have to be built as a shell. A speculative
building may be built and made available in a way that makes it ready to
occupy on short notice.
Available Site Available sites are the
second level of a three level site certification process. The information is limited and site
readiness for use requires further investigation. The site may or may not be ready for immediate development but
provides sufficient data for the User to determine whether additional
investigation is warranted. See SelectSite Certification or Available
Site Requirements.
Average Cost Referring to utility usage, this is a
method of determining the cost of providing a service, generally power, to the
various customer classes. Average
cost-of-service figures may be used in setting rates. Average costs are
determined with the aid of information gathered in a cost-of-service study.
Average costs are total costs divided by the number of units produced. This
method of costing, while distinguishing costs between different customer
classes, fails to recognize that not all kilowatts and kilowatt-hours are
produced at the same cost within one customer class. Seasonal, time-of-day and
marginal cost-based rates more accurately reflect the true costs of producing
each kilowatt or kilowatt-hour.
Average Demand The total demand for water/sewer during a period of time divided
by the number of days in that time period. This is also called the average
daily demand.
Back Office An office
primarily for handling clerical work that is not open for outsider visitation;
an office environment without the presence of layers of upper management or
from which directions, controls, and instructions for other operations of an
enterprise don't originate. Telecommunications work that doesn't include
face-to-face meetings with outsiders, such as telemarketing or customer support
services, may be included in back office operations.
Backhaul (Transportation) To haul a shipment back over part of a
route it has traveled.
Back-up Power Power that a wheeling utility must provide
by contract to another utility or by virtue of its control area responsibility
to a customer when that customer's normal source of power is not available.
Balance Sheet A financial
statement showing assets and liabilities.
Balloon An installment payment agreement granting the
payee the right to make a larger payment at the end than that required for
previous payments. The balloon pays the debt in full. At any time consideration
is given to making payment in full a balloon is that remaining balance due.
Bandwidth The transmission capacity of a
telecommunications link, usually measured in bits per second (e.g., 64 kbps).
Barge Facilities Infrastructure and terminal
or wharf and mooring facilities to handle loading and unloading of barges.
Barrel (BBL) A term of measure referring to 42 gallons
of liquid at 60o F.
Base Load The
minimum amount of electric power or natural gas delivered or required over a
given period of time at a steady rate.
The lowest load level during a utility’s daily or annual cycle.
Base Load Capacity The generating equipment normally operated to serve
a load on an around-the-clock basis.
Base Load Plants A
plant, usually housing high-efficiency steam-electric units, which is normally
operated to take all or part of the minimum load of a system and which
consequently produces electricity at an essentially constant rate and runs
continuously. These units are operated
to maximize system mechanical and thermal efficiency and minimize system
operating costs.
Basin A
hydrologic unit consisting of a part of the surface of the earth covered by a
drainage system consisting of a surface stream or body of impounded surface
water plus all tributaries.
Basis Point One-hundredth of one percent as used to
describe the amount of change in the market price of a bond or any other debt
instrument.
Bearing
Capacity The capacity of an element
in a building structure to support a weight in addition to its own, whether
vertically or laterally. Thus a load-bearing wall is one that supports part of
the structure in addition to its own weight.
Benchmark A standard, or something that serves as a standard
by which others may be measured or judged.
Beneficial Use In order for certain projects to be approved or for certain
natural resources to be utilized, the activity must be considered one that is
for the public good. Typically the law
recognizes the following uses as beneficial: (1) domestic and municipal uses,
(2) industrial uses, (3) irrigation, (4) mining, (5) hydroelectric power, (6)
navigation, (7) recreation, (8) stock raising, (9) public parks, and (10) game
preserves.
Berm
An earthen mound used to direct the flow of
runoff around or through a structure.
Best Management Practices (BMPs) Activities or structural improvements that help reduce the
quantity and improve the quality of storm water runoff. BMPs include treatment
requirements, operating procedures, and practices to control site runoff, spillage
or leaks; sludge or waste disposal; or drainage from raw material storage.
Best Practices A strategic approach to maintain personal and/or business production at
a level that creates customer satisfaction; a continuous improvement strategy
that is applied to address issues such as cost controls and quality and to make
just-in-time inventory systems work.
Bill of Lading (B/L) A document that establishes the terms of a contract between a
shipper and a transportation company. It serves as a document of title, a
contract of carriage and a receipt for goods.
Bill of Sale
Confirms the transfer of ownership of certain goods to another person in
return for money paid or loaned.
Binder An agreement formed by the receipt of earnest
money (an advance payment that confirms a contract) for the purchase of real
property as evidence of the purchaser's good faith and intention to complete
the transaction; i.e., the payment binds the agreement making it a binding
agreement.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand See BOD
Biomass The amount of living
matter in a given unit of the environment. A variety of organic fuel sources
that can either be processed into synthetic fuels or burned directly to produce
steam or electricity.
Bioremediation A process that uses living organisms to remove pollutants.
Biosolids A nutrient-rich organic material resulting
from the treatment of wastewater. Biosolids contain nitrogen and phosphorus
along with other supplementary nutrients in smaller doses, such as potassium,
sulfur, magnesium, calcium, copper and zinc. Soil that is lacking in these
substances can be reclaimed with biosolids use. The application of biosolids to
land improves soil properties and plant productivity, and reduces dependence on
inorganic fertilizers.
Bit A binary digit, the smallest unit of
information in a computer, represented as a 0 or 1. One character is typically
seven or eight bits in length. Any
voice, data, or video information can be turned into a stream of bits.
Blackout Total loss of power to
electrical equipment, causing loss of memory and requiring the restart of
certain equipment and systems.
Blocked Trains Railcars grouped in a train by destination so that segments
(blocks) can be uncoupled and routed to different destinations as the train
moves through various junctions. Eliminates the need to break up a train and
sort individual railcars at each junction.
Blowdown The water
drawn from boiler systems and cold-water basins of cooling towers to prevent
the buildup of solids.
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand.
The amount of dissolved oxygen consumed during the decomposition of
organic material. Also, a measured characteristic of sewage or sewage effluents.
BOD5 is the standard test for pollution levels, requiring a five-day
incubation period. High BOD levels in effluent cause receiving water bodies to
become anoxic (lacking in available oxygen) which can result in fish kills and
malodorous stagnant ponds.
Bog A type of
wetland that accumulates appreciable peat deposits. They depend primarily on
precipitation for their water source and are usually acidic and rich in plant
matter with a conspicuous mat or living green moss.
Boiler A device for generating steam for power,
processing, or heating purposes or for producing hot water for heating purposes
or hot water supply. Heat from an
electrical combustion source is transmitted to a fluid contained within the
tubes in the boiler shell. This fluid
is delivered to an end-user at a desired pressure, temperature and
quality. Boilers are often classified
as steam or hot water, low pressure or high pressure, capable of burning one
fuel or a number of fuels.
Boiler
Efficiency The ratio
of the useful heat output to the heat input, multiplied by 100, and expressed
as a percent.
Boiler Rating The rating of a steam boiler expressed as
the total heat transferred by the heating surfaces in Btu per hour. Sometimes
also expressed in horsepower or pounds of steam per hour.
BOMA Building Owners’ and Managers’ Association. BOMA is an international network of more
than 18,500 real estate professionals.
BOMA’s main functions are to provide information about office building
development, leasing, building operating costs, energy consumption patterns,
local and national building codes, legislation, occupancy statistics and
technological developments as well as to represent its members by monitoring
and lobbying pertinent legislative, regulatory and codes/standards issues.
Bond A promissory note, which is a signed agreement
promising payment of a sum of money on demand or at a particular time; a
certificate promising payment of a debt.
Bonded Warehouse A warehouse authorized by Customs authorities for storage of
goods on which payment of duties is deferred until the goods are removed.
Book Value Value of an asset as shown in the
accounting records of its owner. A net
value after liabilities have been deducted from assets.
Boxcar A closed rail freight
car.
Boundary Survey This survey finds and verifies any existing
monuments and sets any missing monuments.
A Plat of Survey is prepared and recorded in the Register of Deeds and
defines the borders of the property. Upon completion of the drawing, the
surveyor in charge will review and put his seal and signature on the plat. A
copy of this plat is sent to the client and the original is recorded and
microfilmed at the Register of Deeds as a permanent record of the survey.
Bps Bits per second, used to
refer to transmission speeds of sending data (e.g., 2400 bps, 14,400 bps,
etc.). Speed takes on particular importance when using on-line Internet
services. See also "kbps."
Break Bulk 1.) To unload and distribute a portion or
all of the contents of a rail car, container, or trailer. 2.) Loose, non-containerized cargo.
Brine Highly salty and heavily mineralized water containing heavy metal and organic contaminants.
Bridge (Financial) A short-term loan, generally used to cover the period between
the termination of one loan, such as a construction loan, and another, such as
a permanent take-out loan; a bridge loan.
British Thermal Unit See Btu
Broadband A transmission method in
which the networks range of transmission frequencies is divided into separate
channels and each channel is used to send a different signal. Broadband is often used to send different
types of signals simultaneously (i.e. voice and data or voice and video). Broadband is generally defined as a
communications channel using any technology with transmission speeds greater
than or equal to 1.544 mbps.
Broker Someone who arranges a deal for a fee or percentage; one who acts
as an intermediary between parties to a transaction. A brokerage can be an
agency or it can be the act of bringing together parties to an agreement for a
fee or percentage of the deal. Real estate brokers are generally thought of as
representatives of owners. Brokers who represent buyers and help them select
real estate often prefer to be called real estate consultants.
Brownfield An abandoned, used, real estate site available for redevelopment. It's a
term associated with land that presents environmental challenges, usually
stemming from industrial or waste disposal operation.
Brownout A system voltage reduction in response to a shortage of power relative to demand. Although service is not disrupted completely, a brownout will cause a dimming of lights and may result in a loss of load.
Btu British Thermal Unit. The standard
unit for measuring quantity of heat energy, such as the heat content of fuel.
It is the amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of one pound
of water one degree Fahrenheit.
Building Owners’ and Managers’
Association See BOMA
Build-to-Suit A property constructed and finished-off or
retrofitted to the specifications of a lessee or purchaser. A build-to-suit may
be included in a lease-purchase deal, wherein a lessor becomes a seller at some
point in the future in accord with terms of a contract.
Buffer Strip or Zone Strips of grass or other erosion resistant vegetation located between a waterway and an area of more intensive land use.
Bulk Cargo Not
in packages or containers; shipped loose in the hold of a ship without mark and
count. Grain, coal and sulfur are usually bulk freight.
Bulk Mail Facilities Bulk Mail Centers are highly mechanized mail
processing plants that are part of the National Bulk Mail System. These
facilities distribute parcel post, media mail, standard mail and periodicals in
bulk form. Auxiliary Service Facilities are mechanized facilities that are
usually part of a general mail facility that serves as a subordinate
mail-processing hub for a parent bulk mail center.
Facility Locations http://www.usps.com/bulkmailcenters/officeinfo/bmcofficeinformation.htm
Bundling 1) For electricity, combining the costs of
generation, transmission, and distribution and other services into a single
rate charged to the retail customer. 2)
For natural gas, providing a combination of products and services in a single
package at fixed price with no customer ability to accept less than the entire
package.
Business Climate A collection of location
factors directly or indirectly expressing the general or governmental attitudes
toward business. Various local
qualities or attributes that affect business operations and business
representation in local decision-making.
See Business
Climate
Business Prospects Same as Users.
Those parties interested in the possibility of directing capital
investment to Pennsylvania. See also Users
Byte A collection of bits used to form a
character or some other information.
CAA Clean Air
Act. The
primary federal law governing the regulation of emissions into the atmosphere.
Originally passed in 1963, it has been amended several times with major changes
occurring in 1970 and 1990. In 1970, primary responsibility for administering
the CAA was given to the newly created Environmental Protection Agency. This
act required promulgation and ongoing enforcement of National Ambient Air
Quality Standards and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air pollutants,
which limit the maximum local concentrations of various air pollutants. In
addition, the act limits the amount of various pollutants that vehicles may
emit. The 1990 amendments set stricter provisions for motor vehicle emissions,
attainment of the national ambient air quality standards, and specific
restrictions on use or emissions of chlorofluorocarbons, NOx, and
sulfur dioxide (SO2). The SO2 restrictions involve a
system of tradable emissions allowances.
Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 A white precipitate that forms in water lines, water heaters and
boilers in hard water areas; also known as scale.
Call Center A place where workers use the telephone and
other telecommunications tools to make sales calls, take orders, and/or provide
customer services, such as a telemarketing or contact center.
Calorie
Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1
degree Celsius.
Candidate Communities Locations that have met the preliminary project
requirements and the critical project requirements and are worthy of more
in-depth analysis and investigation.
Capacitor An electrical device that maintains or
increases voltage in power lines and improves the efficiency of the electrical
system by compensating for inductive losses that produce wasted energy.
Capacity Charge An element in a two-part pricing method used in capacity
transactions (energy charge is the other element). The capacity charge, sometimes called Demand Charge, is assessed
on the amount of capacity being purchased.
Capital Funds or anything that can be converted to
money-in-hand as an available resource for gaining wealth (accumulating wealth)
or comprising the wealth itself (accumulated wealth).
Capital Assets All the property and money owned by an
individual or enterprise that is available as leverage to obtain loaned or
invested capital.
Capital
Investment Directing funds toward the acquisition of
assets. Amount used during a
particular period to acquire or improve long-term assets such as property,
plant, or equipment.
Capillary Zone Soil area above the water table where water can rise up slightly
through the cohesive force of capillary action.
Cap Rate Capitalization
rate,
which is the percentage selected for use in the income approach to valuation of
improved property. It is a financial measure that indicates whether a real
estate investment will yield an acceptable return. It is determined by dividing
the projected income stream of the upcoming year by investment dollars.
Career
Pathways See
Occupational Clusters
Carbon Monoxide EPA
uses six "criteria pollutants" as indicators of air quality and has
established for each of them a maximum concentration above which the air is
considered to be polluted. Carbon
monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless and poisonous gas produced by incomplete
burning of carbon in fuels. See Attainment
Carrier
Any
person or entity who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to
procure the performance of carriage by rail, road, sea, air, or inland waterway
or by a combination of such modes.
Cartage Charge made for local hauling by dray or
truck.
Casing A tubular structure intended to be watertight installed in the excavated or drilled hole to maintain